Verbs
Verbs are the most important words in any sentence! The verb shows the action or the state of being in the sentence.
In German there are basically two types of verb, weak (regular) verbs and strong (irregular) verbs.
Verbs have a form called the infinitive - this is the form listed in a dictionary. In English the infinitive is introduced with to. In German the infinitive is just one word, ending with -en or -n:
spielen - to play
arbeiten - to work
segeln - to fish
Removing the -en or -n reveals the stem of the verb. To this stem the various verb endings are added. To conjugate a verb we need to know what endings are required in the six parts of each tense.
The formation of all the tenses of a weak verb
sagen - to say
Present Tense | |||
ich | sage | I say | |
du | sagst | you say | |
er / sie | sagt | he / she says | All weak verbs have these endings in the present tense |
wir | sagen | we say | Notice the 'wir' and Sie/sie' forms do not change from the infinitive |
ihr | sagt | they say | |
Sie / sie | sagen | you / they say |
Imperfect Tense | |||
ich | sagte | I said | |
du | sagtest | you said | |
er / sie | sagte | he / she said | Notice the extra 't' in the 'du' and 'ihr' forms |
wir | sagten | we said | |
ihr | sagtet | they said | |
Sie / sie | sagten | you / they said |
Perfect Tense | ||||
ich | habe | gesagt | I have said | |
du | hast | you have said | ||
er / sie | hat | he / she has said | Formed with the present tense of haben plus the past participle | |
wir | haben | we have said | ||
ihr | habt | they have said | ||
Sie / sie | haben | you / they have said |
Pluperfect Tense | ||||
ich | hatte | gesagt | I had said | |
du | hattest | you had said | ||
er / sie | hatte | he / she had said | Formed with the imperfect tense of haben plus the past participle | |
wir | hatten | we had said | ||
ihr | hattet | they had said | ||
Sie / sie | hatten | you / they had said |
Future Tense | ||||
ich | werde | sagen | I shall say | |
du | wirst | you will say | ||
er / sie | wird | he / she will say | Formed with the present tense of werden and the infinitive (at the end of the sentence) | |
wir | werden | we will say | ||
ihr | werdet | they will say | ||
Sie / sie | werden | you / they will say |
Future Perfect Tense | ||||
ich | werde | gesagt haben | I shall have said | |
du | wirst | you will have said | ||
er / sie | wird | he / she will have said | Formed with the future of haben plus the past participle | |
wir | werden | we will have said | ||
ihr | werdet | they will have said | ||
Sie / sie | werden | you / they will have said |
Conditional Tense | ||||
ich | würde | sagen | I would say | |
du | würdest | you would say | ||
er / sie | würde | he / she would say | Formed with the imperfect subjunctive of werden plus the infinitive | |
wir | würden | we would say | See The Subjunctive for more info! | |
ihr | würdet | they would say | ||
Sie / sie | würden | you / they would say |
Conditional perfect Tense | ||||
ich | hätte | gesagt | I would have said | |
du | hättest | you would have said | ||
er / sie | hätte | he / she would have said | Formed with the conditional of haben plus the past participle | |
wir | hätten | we would have said | Can also be formed: 'ich würde gesagt haben' etc | |
ihr | hättet | they would have said | ||
Sie / sie | hätten | you / they would have said |
From this list of the indicative tenses of the weak verb sagen it is clear that there are two auxiliary verbs which are very important and which need to be known. These are haben, to have, and werden, to become. We can add a third auxiliary verb, sein, to be, because not all verbs form the perfect tense with haben - some are conjugated with sein.
haben | Present tense | Imperfect Tense | Conditional Tense |
ich | habe | hatte | hätte |
du | hast | hattest | hättest |
er / sie | hat | hatte | hätte |
wir | haben | hatten | hätten |
ihr | habt | hattet | hättet |
Sie / sie | haben | hatten | hätten |
sein | Present tense | Imperfect Tense | Conditional Tense |
ich | bin | war | wäre |
du | bist | warst | wärst |
er / sie | ist | war | wär |
wir | sind | waren | wären |
ihr | seid | wart | wärt |
Sie / sie | sind | waren | wären |
werden | Present tense | Imperfect Tense | Conditional Tense |
ich | werde | wurde | würde |
du | wirst | wurdest | würdest |
er / sie | wird | wurde | würde |
wir | werden | wurden | würden |
ihr | werdet | wurdet | würdet |
Sie / sie | werden | wurden | würden |